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] Agent Orange is a chemical dioxin and defoliant most notably used by the US armed forces during the Vietnam War. Its primary purpose was strategic deforestation, destroying the forest cover and food resources necessary for the implementation and sustainability of the North Vietnamese style of guerilla warfare. The US Agent Orange usage reached an apex during Operation Ranch Hand, in which the dioxin was sprayed over 4.5 million acres of land in Vietnam from 1961 to 1971.〔Buckingham. ("The Air Force and Herbicides" ) (PDF). AFHSO.〕 The use of Agent Orange as a chemical weapon has left tangible, long-term impacts upon the Vietnamese people that live in Vietnam as well as those who fled in the mass exodus from 1978 to the early 1990s. Hindsight corrective studies have indicated that previous estimates of Agent Orange exposure were problematized by government intervention as well as under-guessing, such that estimates for dioxin release are almost double that than previously predicted.〔 Census data illuminates the image of millions of Vietnamese being sprayed upon directly during the midst of strategic Agent Orange use by the United States military.〔Stellman, Jeanne M., Steven D. Stellman, Richard Christian, Tracy Weber, and Carrie Tomasallo. "(The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam )." ''Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science''. Nature Publishing Group, 4 Mar. 2003. Web. 01 Nov. 2015.〕 The effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese range from a variety of health effects, ecological effects, and sociopolitical effects. == Health Effects == ] The most illustrative effects of Agent Orange upon the Vietnamese people are the health effects. Scientific consensus has made it clear that the importance of accuracy in terms of site-specific cancer risk as well as the difficulty in identifying Agent Orange as the cause of that specific cancer risk must be acknowledged. Previous studies on the subject have not been generalizable because though they demonstrate statistically significant increase in cancer risk, the populations have been "Western" veterans or Korean veterans or the sample sizes of the studies were too small to be considered appropriate.〔Sinks, Thomas H. ("Challenges in investigating the association between Agent Orange and cancer: Site-specific cancer risk and accuracy of exposure assessment." ) ''Cancer'' 1 Dec. 2014: 3595+.''Health Reference Center Academic''. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. 〕 The margin of exposure is defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection agency as "The ratio of the no-observed adverse-effect-level to the estimated exposure dose."〔''U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (December 1997) Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms. () Washington, D.C. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/''〕 Independent scientific analyses of the epidemiology of Agent Orange suggest that there is little to no margin of exposure for dioxin or dioxin-like compounds on vertebrates, meaning that even passive contact or genetic lineage has devastating repercussions.〔White, Sally S., and Linda S. Birnbaum. "(An Overview of the Effects of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds on Vertebrates, as Documented in Human and Ecological Epidemiology )." ''Taylor & Francis Online''. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, Aug. 2009. Web. 01 Nov. 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Agent Orange's Effects on the Vietnamese People」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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